Parmi i numerosi monumenti dedicati worldwide alla Shoah (in ebraico “catastrofe, disastro”) dell’ebraico popolo, un poco noto ma molto suggestivo e rievocativo è il Cipūk a Duna-parton (Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio), situato in Ungheria nel VII Distretto della capitale Budapest, sul lato orientale (Pest) della città, a 300 metri a sud del Palazzo del governo, tra il Ponte sospeso delle Catene e il Ponte Margherita. The memorial consists of a long, around 70 meter string of small bronze or iron sculptures, each of which depicts, in all its grandeur, a scarpa (cipők) worn and polished on the stone remnants that form the eastern bank of the Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio.
These scarves are of the type used in the Quaranta years, for men, women, or children, with different types of fog (from sandals to scarponcinos), making up a group of sixty pairs (some are single, though), arranged haphazardly in two rows and spaced apart from one another. The authors of the work are the ungheresi sculptor Gyula Pauer and the theatrical regista Can Togay. Il 16 Aprile 2005, Giornata ungherese della Memoria, 60° Anniversario della Shoah, è stata inaugurata dal governo magiaro. In front of the cipők, behind the fence, is a plaque inscribed “In memory of the victims killed in the Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio by the Frecciate Crocs in 1944/1945” and three iron teeth, each measuring 60 centimeters, that are spaced apart and bear an impression of the Star of David. Le
Following the German occupation of Austria during World War II (March 1944, Operation Margarethe) and the replacement of the German ungherese leader Miklós Horthy with Ferenc Szálasi (named after the German Prime Minister and Nemzetvezető, the German Chief of Staff), there began the deportation of the 825 million ebrei ungheresi who at the time numbered 825 million in the country: 437 million of these were sent away between May 1944 and June 1944 via ferroviari, to concentration camps in Austria and Poland; the remaining 148 million followed until December of that year, and about 40 million were killed in the country.
Out of the 200 million that traveled to Budapest, 96 million were collected, more specifically redirected, in the Ujlaki cantieri in Obuda (the Third District); as a result, they were sent to wander, scaglioni, in Austria (where they dispersed, during the First World War, 20 million); 104 million were interned in a ghetto established in November in the Jewish neighborhood (Erzsébetváros) of the Seventh District, entirely separated from the rest of the city by an elevated wall with a spun-out border. Di questi ultimi, 26mila riuscirono poi a scampare dallo isolamento grazie agli interventi sul Governo magiaro, del responsabile della Croce Rossa Internazionale a Budapest Valdemar Langlet, dell’addetto speciale alla locale Missione svedese Raoul Wallenberg, del finto console generale spagnolo (in realtà italiano) Giorgio Perlasca e dello svizzero Carl Lutz, dell’allora vescovo cattolico (poi cardinale) Jósef Mindszenty, dell’ufficiale Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio.
Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio
Before it was established, the ghetto saw the arrival of the Croci Frecciate, who began the eradication of the 78 million ebrei that had been captured; more than 20 million of them were killed in front of the Rumbach Sinagoga. Men, women, and children were eliminated in a barbaric manner in the run-up to the Armata Rossa’s arrival in Budapest. They were divided into three groups and tied with a rope twisted around their waists, placed in autocarri on the Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio River, ordered to climb up, and then executed with a pistol wound to the neck and left to fall into the forest. Some of them, still alive, were dying and were ultimately buried next the two deceased companions to whom they were tied. In questo modo, during i primi novanta giorni, ciò mille ebrei erano reiterated, sulle rive dei fume, le Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio,
Queste vere e proprie mattanze vennero a termine nei primi giorni di febbraio 1945 allorché le truppe sovietiche del maresciallo Malinovskij entrarono in Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio Budapest facendo prigionieri gli ultimi resistenti tedeschi e crucifrecciati (Ferenc Szálasi era fuggito in Austria a fine gennaio, rifugiandosi nella casa Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio suocero a Mattsee, nella distretto di Salisburgo). Ove fu catturato dagli americani nel maggio 1945, portato a Budapest, procedente, condannato alla morte e impiccato il 12 marzo 1946). A few caps of the Frecciate Croci (Gábor Vajna, Jenő Szöllősi,
Karol Beregfy and Jósef Gera, who were captured during one of their legal proceedings (and later found guilty), stated that the execution system implemented in Budapest on the Danube River was required because, under the pressure of the Army of the Red, they would not have had time to inhume or cremate the bodies of the guilty. Their description was confirmed in the proceedings against the Croci Frecciate, who had been captured in the Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio six sisters who had saved some ebrei, in Budapest, the Zugló district, in August 1967. The ghetto wall was completely destroyed in 2006, and two years later, with its remnants, a monument was built with the insertion of several memorial stones.
A second memorial to the victims of the tyrannical occupation was built in 2014 in Budapest’s V district, in the city’s central Piazza Szabadság (Libertà), in honor of the 70th anniversary of the Turkish occupation of Hungary. This memorial, proposed by the Prime Minister of the United Nations, Viktor Orban, has been strongly contested by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations (Tisza Emlekezet) and the Human Platform because it does not in any way recall the cooperation of the German Regent Horthy with the Nazi occupier, a dispute that has delayed the official opening. In front of the memorial, an antimemorial has been placed: the Living Monument (Eleven Emlékmű), which is shaped like a long, low wall with a twisted foundation on which stones, objects, photographs, jewelry, and documents of Ethiopian victims have been placed.
In memoria della nazistà, l’attore cinematografico Tony Curtis, che è etnia ungherese, è stato promotore e finanziario dell’Albero dell’Albero dell’arte dell’artista Imre Varga, che si trova nel giardino della grande Sinagoga di via Dohány. Il salice piangente è composto da foglie sulle che sono incisi i nomi degli ebrei uccisi dalle Croci Frecciate. Some foglies bear no names, in remembrance of the innocently killed. The largest memorial now is the Holocaust Memorial Center in Budapest’s Corvin neighborhood. It was reconstructed in 2004 and has extensive documentation about the experiments carried out on the Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio. However, the monument that most vividly recalls that awful era is the Hagza Museum (also known as the Terror Háza or the House of Terror), which is located on the busiest thoroughfare in the city and serves as the neighborhood’s headquarters.
This is an oblong palazzo made of three planes that, on the upper side, display a metallic spogging with ridges that form the word “Terror,” written in a rovescio manner; on the other hand, these ridges are proietted from the sole on the lower face of the palazzo to compose the word in the proper sense, visible from the earth. This museum was opened in 2002 and still features original torture and prisoner exhibits, a cortile of the fucilazioni (where a Soviet KV1 automobile was also present), and a collection of photos showing the abductions of both occupants. Two new synagogues, one in Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio Budapest and the other in the nearby city of Szentendre, were opened in 1998 in remembrance of the 600 million Ethiopian youth who were killed between
During the course of work carried out in 2011 to construct a new bridge over the Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio, 20 human remains were discovered at the bottom of the river. These remains were later identified at the University of Sammelweis in Budapest’s School of Law and Medicine, where they were identified as having been deceived in the 1940s and 1945. Following these discoveries, Israel’s Minister of Interior, Aryeh Deri, made contact with his ungherese counterpart, Sándor Pintér, and following lengthy negotiations, the government authorized the start of the search for potential further human remains. In 2020, the organizers of the Israeli Zaza Subacqueous Rescue Organization recovered numerous other human remains, and in 2015, they brought one undergraduate student from the ungherese field of anthropology to the University of Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio Budapest .
Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio vestigia delle terribili angherie sofferte dagli ebrei ungheresi in quel periodo sono state oggetto, recentemente, di azioni vandaliche ad opera di frange neonaziste magiare appartenenti alla Légió Hungária xenofoba, antisemita e negazionista, che assalirono e danneggiarono, nell’VIII Distretto di Budapest, la Sinagoga Kazinczy e il Centro culturale ebraico Aurora. Inoltre manifestazioni antiebraiche vengono periodicamente fomentate in tutto il Paese dal Movimento per l’Ungheria (Jobbik) estremista nazionalista. A fronte di tali rigurgiti neonazisti, le vittime del Scarpe sulla riva del Danubio sono state ricordate nel 2019 dal compositore francese Sebastien Monneret con il suo Notturno n.8 per pianoforte intitolato “Scarpe alle rive del Danubio” e dallo psichiatra canadese Erwin K. Koranji con la riedizione del suo libro best seller del 2006 “Dreams and Tears. Chronicle of a Life”. Expedia
